Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health challenge, with millions of new cases reported annually. It is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and primarily affects the lungs, although it can involve other organs. TB spreads through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes, making it highly contagious. The epidemiology of TB is influenced by various factors, including socioeconomic conditions, overcrowding, and the prevalence of HIV/AIDS. High-burden countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia, bear the brunt of the TB epidemic. Additionally, the emergence of drug-resistant strains, such as multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB), poses a serious threat to TB control efforts. Efforts to combat TB involve a combination of early detection, appropriate treatment, and prevention strategies. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the use of directly observed therapy short-course (DOTS) to ensure adherence to treatment regimens. The development of new drugs, vaccines, and diagnostic tools is a priority in the global fight against TB.