Plague

Plague, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, has played a significant role in shaping human history. Historical pandemics, such as the Black Death in the 14th century, resulted in widespread mortality and socioeconomic upheavals. Yersinia pestis, transmitted through the bites of infected fleas primarily carried by rodents, is responsible for bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic forms of the disease. Bubonic plague, the most common form, manifests with swollen and painful lymph nodes (buboes), fever, and systemic symptoms. Septicemic plague occurs when the infection spreads to the bloodstream, causing sepsis and potentially leading to organ failure. Pneumonic plague, a more severe and easily transmissible form, involves respiratory symptoms and can be transmitted directly between humans through respiratory droplets. While modern antibiotics, such as streptomycin or doxycycline, are effective against Yersinia pestis, prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent severe complications and death. Control measures involve rodent and flea control, surveillance in endemic regions, and public health campaigns to educate communities on prevention strategies.

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