Japanese Encephalitis Virus enters the central nervous system (CNS) after being transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito. The virus primarily infects neurons, leading to inflammation and damage within the brain. The pathogenesis involves both direct viral effects and immune-mediated responses, contributing to the severity of neurological manifestations. Diagnosis of Japanese encephalitis typically involves detecting specific antibodies or the virus itself in cerebrospinal fluid or blood samples. Serological tests, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and molecular techniques like reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), are employed for accurate and timely diagnosis. Public health interventions for Japanese encephalitis focus on vector control measures, including the use of insecticides and the elimination of mosquito breeding sites. Immunization programs targeting vulnerable populations, such as children, contribute to reducing the burden of the disease. Surveillance systems monitor the spread of the virus and help guide vaccination strategies in endemic regions. Global efforts, including the World Health Organization's Expanded Program on Immunization, aim to increase vaccine coverage in at-risk populations and enhance preparedness for potential outbreaks. Research continues to explore new vaccine candidates and strategies to combat Japanese encephalitis, emphasizing the importance of a comprehensive approach involving both preventive measures and effective clinical management.