Hepatitis B is a viral infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV), a member of the Hepadnaviridae family. It is a major global public health concern, with a high prevalence in certain regions, particularly sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia. HBV is transmitted through contact with infected blood and other body fluids, such as semen and vaginal fluids, making it primarily a sexually transmitted infection. The clinical spectrum of hepatitis B ranges from asymptomatic or mild acute infections to severe chronic conditions, including chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Acute hepatitis B can present with symptoms such as fatigue, jaundice, abdominal pain, and nausea. Chronic infection may remain asymptomatic for years, leading to a delayed diagnosis and potential liver damage. Preventive measures for hepatitis B include vaccination, which has proven highly effective in reducing the incidence of new infections. The hepatitis B vaccine, typically administered in a series of doses, is recommended for infants, healthcare workers, and individuals at increased risk of exposure. Post-exposure prophylaxis with hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) can provide protection to individuals exposed to the virus in certain situations. Despite the availability of an effective vaccine, challenges such as global vaccine coverage, access to healthcare, and the persistence of mother-to-child transmission remain areas of focus in the fight against hepatitis B. Public health strategies also emphasize comprehensive screening, diagnosis, and treatment to manage the burden of chronic hepatitis B and reduce the risk of complications.