The adaptive immune system orchestrates a tailored defense against specific viral invaders, providing long-lasting protection. T lymphocytes (T cells) and B lymphocytes (B cells) are central players in adaptive antiviral responses. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) display viral antigens to T cells, activating them to differentiate into effector T cells. Cytotoxic T cells directly target and destroy virus-infected cells, while helper T cells enhance the immune response by assisting B cells in antibody production. B cells, on the other hand, generate antibodies that recognize and neutralize viruses. The production of memory T and B cells ensures a rapid and robust response upon re-exposure to the same virus. Vaccination harnesses the power of adaptive immunity by priming the immune system with harmless viral components, preparing it to mount a swift and effective defense upon encountering the actual virus. Together, innate and adaptive antiviral responses form a formidable defense network, safeguarding the host against a myriad of viral threats.